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The larger the wire size, the smaller the AWG that carries voltage. If so, this white wire may be labeled with number. The ampacities in this table are for copper wires in NM black tape or paint to identify it as a hot wire. The ampacity for the same wire in conduit is usually more. The ampacity for aluminum wire is less. Wires are covered with a layer of rubberized cloth, cloth fabric, but have butadditional no have no additional protection. Metal clad cable MC and armored cable AC have been around since the s.

Early versions had no grounding function, but existed solely to protect the wires that were threaded into it. Later armored cable products either had ground wire twisted in with the flexible metal cover or relied on the metal cover itself for connecting to ground. Modern MC contains an insulated ground wire along with the conductors.

Metal conduit was installed during the middle of the 20th century as a way to protect hot and neutral conductors. The conduit itself often was employed for connecting to ground. Early NM nonmetallic cable was used from until It features a rubberized fabric sheathing that protects individual wires. NM cable greatly simplified installations because separate wires no longer had to be pulled by hand through a conduit or armored cable.

Early NM cable had no grounding wire. NM cable nonmetallic was developed cable was around developed around The UF underground feeder cable has wires embedded in a solid-core plastic vinyl sheathing and includes a bare copper grounding wire.

It is designed for installations in damp conditions, such as buried circuits. It is available in lengths up to 25 ft.

Or you can buy bulk cable B in any length. A NM nonmetallic sheathed cable should be used for most indoor wiring projects in dry locations. NM cable is sold in boxed rolls that contain from 25 to ft. B of cable. Each wire, purchased individually, is covered with a color-coded thermoplastic insulating jacket. It can also be used or amp appliances that require 8-gauge for kitchen ranges and other amp or amp or larger wire.

It is similar to NM cable, but appliances that require 8-gauge or larger wire. Large-appliance conducting wire is made from fine-stranded cable is available in both 2-wire and copper wires. SE cable is available in both 3-wire types. Cat 5 Category 5 cable is used mostly for 2-wire and 3-wire types. The cable contains four pairs of twisted copper wire with color-coded insulation. UF cable underground is used for feeder wiringcable in damp is used locations, for wiring in damp such as in locations, an outdoorsuch circuit.

Your phone company may recommend thatwires the protects inside. NM cable is allowed. Eight-wire cable has extra wires that are left unattached. These extra wires allow for future expansion of the system.

The bare grounding wire is not counted. For example, raceway installations. Code two insulated gauge wires, plus a bare copper grounding requires certain letter combinations for certain applications. H stands for heat wires plus a grounding wire. Wire coded with an Laboratories UL. N is impervious to damage from oil or gas.

Minimum: two Minimum: two Minimum: two gauge wires gauge wires gauge wires Maximum: four gauge Maximum: four or three gauge wires gauge wires Maximum: two gauge wires Use wire connectors rated for the wires you are connecting. Wire connectors are color-coded by size, but the coding scheme varies according to manufacturer. The wire connectors shown above come from one major manufacturer. To ensure safe connections, each connector is rated for both minimum and maximum wire capacity.

These connectors can be used to connect both conducting wires and grounding wires. Green wire connectors are used only for grounding wires. Ampacity varies by the size of the wires. When installing gauge 20 amps 1, watts volts a new circuit, choose wire with 3, watts volts an ampacity rating matching the gauge 30 amps 2, watts volts circuit size. For dedicated appliance watts volts circuits, check the wattage rating of the appliance and make sure it does 8-gauge 40 amps 7, watts volts not exceed the maximum wattage load of the circuit.

The ampacities in 6-gauge 55 amps 10, watts volts this table are for copper wires in NM cable. Slide the cable ripper hand, and pull the cable ripper toward and the paper wrapping from the onto the cable, and squeeze tool firmly the end of the cable to cut open the individual wires.

Choose the jaws of a combination tool. Leave a minimum opening that matches the gauge of of 3" of wire running past the edge of the wire, and take care not to nick or the box. Choose the stripper opening that the hole of the correct gauge in a pair of Tighten the screw firmly.

Insulation matches the gauge of the wire, and then wire strippers. The wire should have no should just touch head of screw. Never clamp the wire in the tool. Pull the wire scratches or nicks. Instead, use a pigtail wire see page Choose Push-in connectors are a relatively new product staples sized to match the cables.

These connectors are perfect attaching telephone cables. Grasp the wires to Twist a wire connector over the ends of the wires.

The ends sure the connector is the right size see page Hand-twist of the wires should be flush and they should be parallel and the connector as far onto the wires as you can. There should touching. Rotate the pliers clockwise two or three turns to be no bare wire exposed beneath the collar of the connector. By code, you cannot bind the wire joint with tape only, but joined, and insert each wire into a push-in connector. Gently it can be used as insurance. Few professional electricians use tug on each wire to make sure it is secure.

Note: Pigtailing is done mainly to avoid connecting multiple wires to one terminal, which is a code violation. Fold the wires neatly and press the fitting one end of the wire to the grounding screw before you attach into the box. Check with your building inspector before using NM cable. Some areas, such as the masonry walls with dirt on the other side. Cut and Chicago area, do not allow NM cable. Refer to your wiring plan to make sure each length of cable is correct for the circuit size and configuration.

Cable runs are difficult to measure exactly, so leave plenty of extra wire when cutting each length. Cable splices inside walls are not allowed by code. When inserting cables into a circuit breaker panel, make sure the power is shut off. After all cables are installed and all the ground wires spliced, call your electrical inspector to arrange for the rough-in inspection.

Prevent kinks by Hammer Wire connectors straightening the cable before pulling it through the studs. Use Fish tape Eye and ear protection plastic grommets to protect cables on steel studs inset. Joists can be notched only in the end third of the overall span; never in the middle third of the joist.

Different rules apply to wood I-joists, metal-plate-connected trusses, engineered beams, and beams assembled from lumber. In general, you may not drill and notch trusses and assembled beams. Manufacturers of I-joists and engineered beams have limits about the size and location of holes. This Where cables will turn corners step 6, page 36 , drill is done easily with a right-angle drill, available at rental centers.

Insert a cable clamp into the to enter the circuit breaker panel. Clip away the excess knockout, and secure it with a locknut.

Insert the cable through sheathing. Tighten the mounting screws on the clamp so the cable is gripped securely but not so tightly that the sheathing is crushed.

Retrieve the cable through the staples work well where two or more cables must be anchored other hole using needlenose pliers inset. Run the cable to the first electrical box. Where the cable runs along the sides of framing members, anchor it with cable staples no more than 4 ft. Hold the cable taut devices. Insert the cable through the knockout in the box.

Take care not to nick the copper. Mark the floor grounding clip attached to the frame shown above or a green so the cable will be easy to find after the walls are finished. In boxes with fixture, join grounding wires together complex wiring configurations, also tag the individual wires to make final hookups with a wire connector. If the box has easier. After all cables are installed, your rough-in work is ready to be reviewed by the internal clamps, tighten the clamps over electrical inspector.

Drill From the unfinished space below the the location of the wall above. Choose a a 1" hole down through the top plate wall, use a piece of stiff wire with a location for the new cable that does not and into the stud cavity using a drill hook on one end to retrieve the fish interfere with existing utilities.

Drill a 1" bit extender. Apply cable-pulling cable up through the stud cavity. This fish tape. This often occurs in two-story homes when a cable is extended from an upstairs wall to a downstairs wall. Cut small openings in the wall near the top and bottom plates, then drill an angled 1" hole through each plate. Extend a fish tape into the joist cavity between the walls and use it to pull the cable from one wall to the next.

If the walls line up one over the other left , you can retrieve the fish tape using a piece of stiff wire. If walls do not line up right , use a second fish tape.

After running the cable, repair the holes in the walls with patching plaster or wallboard scraps and taping compound. Nail guard Be sure not to tap into a restricted circuit such as the kitchen counter top and bathroom receptacles. To begin, run cable from the receptacle to the stud channel that aligns with the ceiling joists on which New switch location you want to install a fixture.

Be sure to plan a location Existing for the new switch. Remove short strips of drywall receptacle from the wall and ceiling.

Make a notch in the center of the top. Use a fish tape to pull the new cable up through the wall cavity and the notch in top plates. Next use the fish tape to pull the cable through the Access holes shown larger ceiling to the fixture hole.

When you are finished than necessary for clarity pulling the cable, protect the notch with metal nail guards. After having your work inspected, replace the drywall and install the fixture and switch.

Remove drywall the top of the wall. Protect the notch on the wall and ceiling surface. Where with a metal nail stop. Cables and wires that are subject to Pigtail Pigtail physical damage must be installed in conduit or some types of tubing to protect them. Whether a location is subject to physical damage depends on the judgment of the electrical inspector.

Cables that are exposed and are within the reach of an adult and most cables installed outside are often considered subject to physical damage. Other exposed locations may also qualify. The interior of conduit and tubing installed Install a green insulated grounding wire for any circuit outside is considered a wet area.

Although code allows the metal conduit to serve as the grounding conductor, cable inside conduit installed outside. Use UF cable most electricians install a green insulated wire as a more instead or pull individual wires rated for wet area use. The grounding Conduit and tubing installed outdoors must be rated wires must be connected to metal boxes with a pigtail and for exterior use. The cover can be removed to pull long lengths of wire. Compression fittings are used in outdoor IMC installations, where a rain-tight connection is needed.

Screw-in connectors or setscrew connectors are used to connect flexible metal conduit. Conduit should be supported within 3 ft. It often is used to connect permanently wired appliances, such as a water heater.

Plastic PVC conduit and tubing to twelve gauge or nine gauge IMC has thicker galvanized walls and are allowed by many local codes. Use use. When wiring with PVC conduit more expensive and requires threaded and tubing, always run a green grounding fittings. EMT is the preferred metal wire. Use material approved for use in material for home use. Do not use PVC plumbing pipes. EMT is available in ft. EMT is used primarily for exposed indoor installations. Setscrew coupling connects lengths Offset fitting connects an indoor of indoor metal conduit.

LB conduit fitting is used in outdoor IMC is rated for outdoor conduit installations. It is connected threaded fittings and with watertight a removable cover. It is available in ft. RNC PVC fitting LB LB PVC offset T Access pull elbow Nonmetallic conduit fittings typically are solvent-welded to Liquid-tight flexible conduit LFC is used in outdoor nonmetallic conduit, as opposed to metal conduit, which can applications, especially around pools and water features and at be threaded and screwed into threaded fittings or attached irrigation controllers.

Wipe the cut ends with a dry rag. Also and above , use a power miter box with a fine-tooth or plastic wipe the coupling or fitting to clean it. Wear latex gloves to a quarter turn to help spread the cement.

Allow the joint to set protect your hands. The cement should be applied past the undisturbed for 10 minutes. Boxes for wall with masonry anchors, or use Attach an offset fitting to each knockout receptacles in an unfinished basement masonry anchors and panhead screws.

Laundry receptacles usually are mounted at 48". Remove any with pipe straps and masonry anchors. Continue attaching or a round file. Attach the conduit to 3 ft. You can also use a the offset fitting on the box, and tighten 10 ft. The cover on power. Open a knockout in the panel, breaker panel outward. Remove the elbow fitting can be removed to attach a setscrew fitting, and install the the cover on an elbow fitting when make it easier to extend a fish tape and last length of conduit.

Note: Use extreme panel and 3" extending beyond the front tip of the fish tape. The systems include the boxes that house the switches and receptacles tend to be very shallow and more difficult to work with than ordinary boxes. The new circuit with surface-mounted wiring components main advantage to a surface-mounted wiring system is at least starting at the point where the branch circuit that you can add a new fixture onto a circuit without wire reaches the room from the service panel.

But cutting into your walls. They are not allowed for some connected to the hot wire in the switch box before it specific applications damp areas such as bathrooms, is connected to the switch otherwise, the surface- for example in many areas, so check with the local mounted wiring circuit will be off whenever the building authorities before beginning a project.

And switch is off. After Before Surface-mounted wiring circuits are networks of cable channels and electrical boxes that allow you to run new wiring without cutting into walls. If you have a room with too much demand on a single receptacle inset , installing a surface-mounted circuit with one or more new outlets is a good solution.

The tracks house Original receptacle box inside wall THNN wires that run from the new box to new receptacles and light switches. A Lighter-duty plastic raceways A , used frequently in office buildings, are made of snap-together plastic components.

For home wiring, look for a heavier E metal-component system B. Both systems D include box extenders for tying in to a receptacle C , elbows, T-connectors, and C couplings D , and boxes for fixtures E. Remove the cover plate a new receptacle or light see pages to Measure from from the receptacle by unscrewing the screw that holds the the power source to the new receptacle or switch.

Purchase plate to the electrical box. Set the screws and the plate aside. Buy a surface-mounted starter box, new receptacle box, and the electrical box it is attached to. If your existing and fittings for your project the raceway product packaging receptacle is not a tamper-resistant model replace it with one usually provides guidance for shopping. Hold two long screws that hold it to the box.

Depending side of the receptacle. If the sensor wires and a bare wire. Detach these wires and set the does not beep or light up, the receptacle is dead and you can receptacle aside. Pull all the wires you just disconnected opening for the track using pliers.

Often the prepunched through the opening. Screw the mounting plate to the knockouts have two profile options—make sure the knockout existing receptacle box with the included mounting screws. Secure the track or conduit in a vise or clamping work support, and cut with a hacksaw. Once the cut is made, file the metal burrs smooth with a metal file. At the new receptacle location, transfer the height of the top of the starter box and mark a reference line.

If possible, locate the box so at least one screw hole in the mounting plate falls over a wall stud. Position the mounting plate for the receptacle box up against the reference line and secure it with screws driven through the mounting plate holes. If the plate is not located over a wall stud, use wall anchors see below right. Mark screw locations on the wall, and then drill a narrow guide hole for the screw anchor. Drive the anchor into the guide holes until the flange is flush with the wall surface.

Ideally anything you attach to a drywall wall should be anchored at a wall stud location. Of course, in the real world this often is not possible. Some work better than others. For this, use coarse-threaded, screw-in anchors. Use a stud finder to locate and mark all of the wall framing members between the old receptacle and the new one. Attach mounting clips for the track at the starter box and the new receptacle box.

The clips should these marks. Install the mounting plates directly below the pieces the box. Snap the raceway into the clip below the knockout. Repeat this same procedure at the new receptacle box.

Snap the long piece of track into the Measure the distance between the ends of the horizontal parts of the elbows, and cut mounting clips. Line up one end of the a length of raceway to that length. Be sure to measure all the way to the base of the track with the end of an elbow and tap clip, not just to the tips of the connector points.

At the new receptacle location, snake the ends of the wires up through the vertical piece of track and into the new receptacle box. There should be about 3" of wire coming out at each box. Use corner pieces to guide around corners. Corners are available for inside or outside corners and consist of a mounting plate and a cap piece. You can use straight connector pieces to join two lengths of track. Much like an elbow piece, they have a mounting plate and a cover that snaps over the wiring.

Cut black, white, and green THNN wire about 2 ft. Snake the end of each wire into the starter box, through the knockout, and into the vertical track. Then snake the wire all the way through the long piece of track so about 12 to 16" comes out on each end. Begin at the new pieces into place over the mounting plates, one at the starter receptacle location.

Wrap the end of the black wire around the box and another at the new receptacle location. You may need bottom gold screw on the side of the receptacle. Make sure all of the wire fits completely within the cover pieces. Connect the green wire to the green-colored screw on bottom of the receptacle align with the holes in the box. Use a the bottom of the receptacle. Attach the cover plate. First make sure the power is still off with your touchless opposite the gold one you just used.

Tighten the screw. Wrap the end of the black wire around the top gold screw on the side of the receptacle. Take the Wrap the end of the old white wire around the silver black wire that goes into the raceway and wrap the end of screw opposite the copper one you just used. Tighten the wire around the bottom gold screw on the side of the the screw. Join one end receptacle into the box so the holes in the top and bottom of the pigtail with the ends of the bare and green wires in the of the receptacle align with the holes in the box.

Use a box using a wire connector. Wrap the other end of the pigtail screwdriver to drive the two long mounting screws that hold around the green screw on the receptacle. Install the cover plate. You can now restore the power and test your new receptacle. The box may be as simple as a small handy box for making a splice or as complex as a amp main service panel. It is typically rectangular, square, round, or octagonal, but be aware that the boxes are shaped as they are for specific reasons, so make sure you are using the right one for the job.

Installing a box that is too small is an extremely common wiring mistake that is easy to understand: small boxes cost less. But they are not one-size fits all. The smallest common boxes, called handy boxes, may be used only for a single device such as a switch or receptacle with no more than three conductors. Be sure to refer to a box fill chart see page 60 to learn which size and shape box is required for your job. Electrical panels function like other electrical boxes insofar as they house connections, but they also house breakers or fuses and other parts that transmit power from the service entry to the individual circuits.

Subpanels are smaller electrical panels that perform the same function but are supplied by the main service panel so they can distribute power into multiple circuits in a remote spot. Replace an undersized box with a larger box using the Electrical Box Fill Chart right as a guide. Do not overfill the box inset. They are ceiling joists. The metal braces extend Single-size rectangular boxes shown used for cable splices and ganged to fit any joist spacing and are nailed or above may have detachable sides that receptacles or switches.

To install one screwed to framing members. Foam gasket Outdoor boxes have sealed seams Old work boxes can be installed to Plastic boxes are common in new and foam gaskets to guard a switch upgrade older boxes or to allow you construction.

The box may include or receptacle against moisture. One type above has built-in framing members. Wall switches must metal parts. Code compliant models clamps that tighten against the inside of have grounding screws if installed in include a watertight hood that protects a wall and hold the box in place. Common styles include single-gang A , double-gang B , and triple-gang C. Double-gang and triple-gang boxes require internal cable clamps.

Metal boxes should be used for exposed indoor wiring, such as conduit installations in an unfinished basement. Metal boxes also can be used for wiring that will be covered by finished walls. Plastic retrofit boxes are used when a new switch or receptacle must fit inside a finished wall. Use internal cable clamps.

B C A D F E Additional electrical boxes include, cast aluminum box A for use with outdoor fixtures, including receptacles that are wired through metal conduit these must have in-use covers if they house receptacles ; old work ceiling box B used for light fixtures; light-duty ceiling fan box C with brace that spans ceiling joists; heavy-duty retrofit ceiling fan box D designed for retrofit; PVC box E for use with PVC conduit in indoor or outdoor setting; vapor-proof ceiling box with foam gasket F.

A variety of adapter plates are available, have internal cable clamps. After installing cables in the including junction box cover plate A , single-gang B , box, tighten the cable clamps over the cables so they are double-gang C , and light fixture D.

Adapter plates gripped firmly, but not so tightly that the cable sheathing come in several thicknesses to match different wall is crushed. Grounding screw Pigtail A B C Metal boxes must be bonded to the circuit grounding Cables entering a metal box must be clamped. A system. Connect the circuit grounding wires to the box variety of clamps are available, including plastic clamps with a green insulated pigtail wire and wire connector as A, C and threaded metal clamps B.

Most are sold prefitted with installation hardware—from metal wings to 10d common nails attached at the perfect angle for a nail-in box. The bulk of the nonmetallic boxes sold today are inexpensive blue PVC. You can also purchase heavier-duty fiberglass or thermoset plastic models that provide a nonmetallic option for installing heavier fixtures such as ceiling fans and chandeliers.

In addition to cost and availability, nonmetallic boxes hold a big advantage over metal boxes in that their resistance to conducting electricity will prevent a sparking short circuit if a hot wire contacts the box. Nonmetallic boxes generally are not approved Low cost is the primary reason that blue PVC nail-in for exposed areas, where they may be susceptible boxes are so popular. Not only are they inexpensive, they also feature built-in cable clamps so you may not need to buy to damage.

Their lack of rigidity also allows them to extra hardware to install them. The standard PVC nail-in box compress or distort, which can reduce the interior is prefitted with a pair of 10d common nails for attaching to capacity beyond code minimums or make outlets exposed wall studs. These boxes, often called handy boxes, are difficult to attach.

B A C Nonmetallic boxes for home use include: Single-gang, double-gang, triple gang, and quad boxes A ; thermoset and fiberglass boxes for heavier duty B ; and round fixture boxes C for ceiling installation nail-in and with integral metal bracket.

These Nail-in boxes A are prefitted with 10d are not knockouts as you would find in metal boxes. In single-gang boxes right , nails that are attached perpendicular to the pressure from the tab is sufficient to secure the cable as long as it enters with the face of single-gang boxes and at an sheathing intact and is stapled no more than 8" from the box.

On larger boxes left , inward angle for better gripping power you will find traditional knockouts intended to be used with plastic cable clamps that on larger boxes.

Side-mount boxes B resemble metal cable clamps. Use these for heavier gauge cable and cable with more feature a nailing plate that is attached than three wires. Ribs Distortion can occur in nonmetallic boxes when nails Integral ribs cast into many nonmetallic boxes are used or other fasteners are overdriven or installed at improper to register the box against the wall studs so the front edges angles, or when the semiflexible boxes are compressed into of the box will be flush with the wall surface after drywall improperly sized or shaped openings.

This can reduce the box is installed. Otherwise, use a piece of the wallcovering material as a reference. Use your wiring plan as a guide, and follow electrical code height and spacing guidelines when laying out box positions. Always use the deepest electrical boxes that are practical for your installation.

Using deep boxes ensures that you will meet code regulations regarding box volume and makes it easier to make the wire connections. Some electrical fixtures, such as recessed light fixtures, electric heaters, and exhaust fans, have built-in wire connection boxes. Install the frames for these fixtures at the same time you are installing the other electrical boxes.

The box heights recommended on the following pages are for most situations. Boxes heights for handicap accessible situations are different. Electrical boxes in adjacent rooms should be positioned close together when they share a common wall and are controlled by the same circuit. This simplifies the cable installations and also reduces the amount of cable needed. Common recessed fixtures include electric blower-heaters left , bathroom vent fans right , and recessed light fixtures.

Install the frames for these fixtures at the same time you are installing the other electrical boxes along the circuit. Surface-mounted fixtures such as electric baseboard heaters pages to and under-cabinet fluorescent lights pages to also have built-in wire connection boxes. These fixtures are not installed until it is time to make the final hookups. Standard Position each box against a stud so the front face will be receptacle boxes should be centered 12" above floor level.

Anchor the box by driving the mounting nails into the stud. Use adapter plates that and screwdriver. Always introduce the rotating a screwdriver in the knockout. Nail the ends of the brace bar to joists so the face of the box for a mirror or medicine cabinet. Place will be flush with the finished ceiling surface. Slide the box along the brace bar to the the box for a ceiling light fixture in the desired position, and then tighten the mounting screws.

Use internal cable clamps center of the room. Position each box when using a box with a brace bar. The box for a thermostat is mounted at 48" to 60". Position the box on the cross block so the front face will be Position each box against the side of a stud so the front face flush with the finished wall, and drive the mounting nails into will be flush with the finished wall, and drive the mounting nails the cross block.

In the kitchen shown here, boxes above the countertop are 45" above the floor, in the center of 18" backsplashes that extend from the countertop to the cabinets. All boxes for wall switches also are installed at this height. The center of the box for the microwave receptacle is 72" off the floor.

The centers of the boxes for the range and food disposer receptacles are 12" off the floor, but the center of the box for the dishwasher receptacle is 6" off the floor. Code requires that the front face of boxes be flush with the finished wall surface, so how you install boxes will vary depending on the type of wall finish that will be used. The easiest way will support heavy chandeliers and ceiling fans.

A remodeling to install one is by nailing the brace to open ceiling joists brace such as the one seen here is designed to install through from above. If the ceiling is insulated, pull the insulation away a small cutout in the ceiling inset photo. Open one knockout for each cable that will enter the box Test for power.

Carefully remove any tape or wire connectors using a hammer and screwdriver. Any unopened knockouts from the exposed slice. Disconnect the illegally spliced wires. Tighten the clamp with a box, and screw a locknut onto each or nails. See if there is any slack in cable clamp.

Locknut 6 7 Grounding screw 8 Lugs Cover plate Tighten the locknuts by pushing Use wire connectors to reconnect Carefully tuck the wires into the box, against the lugs with the blade of the wires. Pigtail the copper grounding and attach the cover plate. Turn on the a screwdriver. Make sure the box remains accessible and is not concealed by finished walls or ceilings. You also may find that an older switch or receptacle box is too shallow to accommodate a new dimmer or GFCI safely.

A pop-in box typically has wings, tabs, or brackets that are drawn tight against the wall surface on the wall cavity side, holding the box in place. It can be made either of metal or plastic. For walls, they include plastic retrofit boxes with flip-out wings A , metal or plastic boxes with compression tabs or Screwdriver Wallboard saw brackets B , metal retrofit boxes with flip-out wings C , and Pencil Template if provided metal boxes with bendable brackets, also known as F-straps, String Plastic or metal pop-in box D.

Home Electrical Wiring is fully explained by a Licensed Electrical Contractor with on the job photos that help with wiring small electrical projects, rewiring or upgrading an older home, or wiring a new home. Complete with organized electrical codes for each project that are easy to understand. Ultimate Guide: Wiring, 8th Edition demystifies residential electrical systems with easy-to-understand language, step-by-step photography, and detailed illustrations. Homeowners will learn how their home's electrical system works and how to complete installations and repairs.

This project-based book shows how to select the right cable, wires, and other equipment, and how to. Numerous detailed instructional and step-by-step drawings illustrate a guide to the fundamentals and advanced methods of home electrical wiring that covers installation methods, cable and conduit wiring, maintenance and troubleshooting techniques, safetyr.

Handbook of Electrical Installation Practice covers all key aspects of industrial, commercial and domestic installations and draws on the expertise of a wide range of industrial experts. Chapters are devoted to topics such as wiring cables, mains and submains cables and distribution in buildings, as well as power supplies, transformers,. PVC single core single strand cable 18 SWG "PVC Polyvinyl chloride, more correctly but unusually poly vinyl chloride , Commonly abbreviated PVC is the third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene.

The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe and in profile applications such as doors and windows. It is also used for bottles, other non-food packaging, and cards such as bank or membership cards. It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather, signage, inflatable products, and many applications where it replaces rubber.

Pure poly vinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is insoluble in alcohol but slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran. Electrical tape or insulating tape is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and other materials that conduct electricity.

It can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it stretches well and gives an effective and long lasting insulation. Almost all the electrical and electronics systems contain at least one switch, which is used to make the device ON or OFF. In addition, a switch is used to control the circuit operation and user may able to activate or deactivate the whole or certain parts of the connected circuit.

Generally, Switches can be categories as. There are many types of Mechanical switches and they are also being categories on the basis of power handling capacity.

The contact material is chosen by keeping in mind that the metal oxides, which produced due to corrosion, are mostly insulator and layers of such oxides on the switch plates will hinder the normal operation of the switch.

When a user press the button of the switch, then the plates of the switch connect with each other and the current starts to flow and vice versa. We can send two different signals to same pin by using this switch. Because of this functionality, this switch is also called selector switch.

This switch is mostly used, where we have to break both ground and lines at the same time. This switch has two common pins and four signal pins. Total four different combinations of singles can be applied to the input pins of this switch. What is Intermediate switch, its construction and how it works? There are four terminals in intermediate switch by which it changes the flowing of current from one circuit to another circuit fig1. The four terminals of intermediate switch is shown in fig 1 label as A, B, C, D.

In some cases, the terminal contacts of switch is meet terminal A with terminal C and terminal B meet with terminal D as shown in fig 1 a. When the knob of the switch is UP, then the vertical contacts are meeting i. AC and BD as shown in fig 1a. AB and CD as shown in fig 1b. In Fig 2, a lamp is controlled from three different places by using two, 2-way switches and one intermediate switch. A lamp is controlled from six different places by using two, 2-way and four intermediate switches.

Key Point: You can control a lamp from many different places by adding more intermediate switches. Electrical and Electronic Switches: The Above discussed switches are Mechanical switches and they are user manually operated. Now, we are going to discuss Electrical switches, which are faster in response than mechanical switches and can be switched automatically by an electronic circuit like microcontroller or microprocessor.

They can also be categories on the basis of current and voltage rating like mechanical switches. Transistor:- Transistor can be used in different mode of operation but we are going to discuss the transistor as a switch.

If we apply a large amount of current at the base of the transistor keeping in mind the maximum allowed current for the this type of transistor then we can run this transistor in deep saturation mode 2. Mosfets:- Mosfet can also be used for switching purpose at high frequencies. They can operate at Mega hertz frequencies. Mostly, Mosfets used for PWM pulse width modulation. Mosfets have three terminals. Relays:- A Relay is an electromechanical device, which consists of an electromagnet.

When a current is flowing through the coil, it becomes an electromagnet and this electromagnet can be used for switching purposes. Their contacts can fall into any category, e. When they do work moving charges against the electric force, some of this work is already converted to thermal energy in the battery.

The amount of energy lost to thermal energy in the battery is Ir, where I is the current flowing in the circuit and r is the internal resistance of the battery. The voltage across the battery terminals therefore drops from the nominal value V to V - Ir when a current is flowing in the circuit. In a circuit diagram we represent the internal resistance of the battery by a resistor r connected in series with the emf. A voltmeter is a device used to measure voltages, while an ammeter measures currents.

Meters are either analog or digital devices. Analog meters show the output on a scale with a needle, while digital devices produce a digital readout. Analog voltmeters and ammeters are both based on a device called a galvanometer. Digital voltmeters and ammeters generally determine the voltage drop across a known resistor and then convert the result to a digital value for display. Voltmeters Resistors in parallel have the same voltage across them. If you want to measure the voltage across a circuit element, such as a resistor, you place the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor.

The voltmeter is shown in a circuit diagram as a V in a circle, and it acts as another resistor. To prevent the voltmeter from changing the current in the circuit and therefore the voltage across the resistor , The voltmeter must have a resistance much larger than that of the resistor. If the resistance of the voltmeter is large, only a negligible current flows through the meter. An ammeter must be placed in series with a resistor to measure the current through the resistor.

On a circuit diagram, an ammeter is shown as an A in a circle. The ammeter acts as a resistor. To prevent the ammeter from changing the current in the circuit, The ammeter must have a very small resistance compared to the resistance R of the circuit. So now I am going to provide you some connections as a word and then you will try to connect about these connections.

Already you are given answer of question one so they are 50 questions. Connect one bulb by one switch AC? Connect two bulbs by two switches as a parallel AC? Connect three bulbs by three switches as a parallel AC? Connect one switch and three bulbs by series connection AC? Connect one switch with two bulbs by parallel AC? Connect three bulbs with one switch by parallel AC? Connect two switches with one bulb and socket by parallel AC?

Connect two bulbs with one switch by series connection AC? Connect one bulb with one switch, two parallel bulbs with one switch two series bulbs with one switch and 5 amp two pin socket with one switch AC? Connect two series and three parallel bulbs connection by one switch if one of series bulbs out from the batten holder parallel bulbs will off AC?

Connect two series and three parallel bulbs with one switch if one series bulb out from batten holder the other parallel bulbs will not off AC? Connect one ceiling fan with one switch AC? Connect one bulb with one switch, three series and three parallel bulbs with one switch, two ceiling fan with two switch, one two pin socket with one switch AC? Connect one bulb with one switch, two ceiling fan with one switch, 2 two pin socket with one switches AC?

Connect one calling bell controlled with one push switch AC? Connect one calling bell controlled with two push switch by series AC?

Connect one calling bell controlled with two push switch by parallel and difference watt of bulbs AC? Connect one calling bell controlled with three push switch by parallel and difference watt of bulbs AC?

Connect one calling bell controlled with four push switch by parallel and difference watt of bulbs AC? Connect one bulb with one switch, two parallel bulbs with one switch, three series bulbs with one switch, two ceiling fan with one switch, two sockets pin with one switch and one calling bell with one switch AC? Connect one gang one way switch with two bulbs of parallel AC? Connect two gangs one way switch with two bulbs of parallel AC? Connect three gangs one way switch with three bulbs of parallel AC?

Connect four gangs one way switch with four bulbs of parallel AC? Connect five gangs one way switch with five bulbs of parallel AC? Connect one gang one way switch with two pin socket AC? Connect one gang one way switch with one ceiling fan AC? Connect one bulb with two way switch by series connection AC? Connect one bulb controlled from three places by using two way and intermediate switch AC? Connect one bulb controlled from four places by using two way and two intermediate switch AC?